Embracing Dynamism - The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Research Report
Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy
Arthur P. Hall, Ph.D. Executive Director Center for Applied Economics University of Kansas School of Business arthall@ku.edu
Prepared for
February 2010
Table of Contents
Kansas, Inc. Board of Directors.................................................................................................................................. ii Executive Summary................................................................................................................................................... 1 Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy................................................. 4 Introduction and Historical Context............................................................................................................................ 5 Embracing Dynamism: Moving from Benchmarking to Strategy ............................................................................... 9 Embracing Dynamism: Economic Evidence in Support of a New Strategy .......................................................... 110 Embracing Dynamism: A Strategy to Induce Maximum Commercial Experimentation .......................................... 19 Measures ................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Recommendations................................................................................................................................................... 23 Appendix A: Reprint of Legislative Testimony on HB 2751 (2008 Session) ........................................................... 31 Appendix B: About the Center for Applied Economics ............................................................................................ 37
List of Figures, Tables and Maps

Figure 1: Shift in Kansas Regional Earnings, 1970 vs. 2007 .................................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Industry Shares of Kansas GDP, 1970-75 vs. 2000-05 ............................................................................. 6 Map 1: Growth in Shares of Kansas Employment, 1970-2007 ................................................................................. 7 Map 2: County-Level Employment Growth, 1970-2007 ............................................................................................ 7 Table 1: State Economic Development Tools....................................................................................................... 10 Table 2: Kansas Net Job Creation by Business Establishment by Age of Firm that Owns the Establishment....... 12 Figure 3: Kansas Job Dynamics, 1977-2005 .......................................................................................................... 13 Table 3: Average Annual Net Job Creation by Firm Age and Size, 2000-2005...................................................... 14 Figure 4: Economic Growth vs. Job Dynamism, 1990-2005 ................................................................................... 14 Table 4: Select Survey Responses from 549 Successful Entrepreneurs................................................................ 16 Table 5: Capital Structure Choice in Initial Year of Operation: 4,163 Start-Ups ..................................................... 16 Figure 5: Business Births and Deaths in Kansas over Recent 5-Year Period ........................................................ 18 Figure 6: Kansas Job Dynamics and Agency Results over Recent 5-Year Period................................................. 18 Figure 7: A Profile of Two Visions for Kansas Economic Development Policy ....................................................... 19 Figure 8: Current Economic Development Model ................................................................................................. 29 Map 3: Locations of Agency Offices ........................................................................................................................ 30
Kansas, Inc. Board of Directors

Created by the Legislature in 1986, Kansas, Inc. is an independent, objective, and non-partisan organization designed to conduct economic development research and analysis with the goal of developing policies and recommendations to ensure the states ongoing competitiveness for economic growth. To attain our mission, Kansas, Inc. undertakes these primary activities: 1) Identifying, building, and promoting a Strategic Plan for economic development efforts in the State of Kansas; 2) To complement the Strategic Plan, Kansas, Inc. develops and implements a proactive and aggressive research agenda, which is used to identify and promote sound economic development strategies and policies; 3) Through collaboration and outreach with economic development entities and other potential partners, Kansas, Inc. conducts evaluation reviews and provides oversight of economic development programs to benchmark development efforts in the State of Kansas. Co-Chaired by the Governor, Kansas, Inc. is governed by a 17-member Board of Directors. Board members, as mandated by legislation, include four members of Legislative leadership, a representative from the Board of Regents, the Secretary of Commerce, the Commanding General of the Kansas Cavalry, a representative from labor, and eight other members from the private sector representing key Kansas industrial sectors. Private sector members are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Kansas Senate. Through analysis and open dialogue, Kansas, Inc. identifies policy options and builds the consensus essential for concerted action on vital economic issues. Kansas, Inc. is designed to be a public-private partnership with expectations that state investments are leveraged with other funds to maintain a strong research portfolio.
Co-Chairs
Governor Mark Parkinson Topeka Donna Johnson Pinnacle Technology, Lawrence
Members
Gene Argo American Rodeo Company, Hays Patti Bossert Key Staffing, Topeka Rep. Tom Burroughs State Representative, Kansas City Rep. Lana Gordon State Representative, Topeka Sen. Tom Holland State Senator, Baldwin City Don Landoll Kansas Cavalry, Marysville Lawrence L. McCants First National Bank, Goodland John Pilla Spirit AeroSystems, Wichita Sen. Roger Reitz State Senator, Manhattan Reginald Robinson Kansas Board of Regents, Topeka Donald P. Schnacke P.A., Topeka Secretary William Thornton Kansas Department of Commerce, Topeka Stephen L. Waite Kansas Cavalry, El Dorado
Kansas, Inc. Staff

Stan Ahlerich President
ii
Debby Fitzhugh Director of Operations
Dan Korber Sr. Research Analyst
Executive Summary
Embracing dynamism provides the theme for this report in describing the next phase of economic development policy in Kansas. Embracing dynamism suggests an economic development model that works with the mega trends that continue to shape the Kansas economy. Embracing dynamism suggests that economic development efforts discard the traditional industry-centric focus and replace it with a region-centric focus.
A state-level economic development model that embraces dynamism should create a set of policies that work well across the whole array of regions, regardless of their development stage. In brief, state-level policies should: 1) Treat all business and investment opportunities equally, 2) Facilitate business development in the unique context of the regional economy, and 3) Embrace rather than impede the continuing patterns of structural change. Almost every state offers economic development incentives. Yet, in general, benchmarking literature suggests that these incentives do not have a significant impact on economic growth. Benchmarking literature also suggests that states must continue to offer such incentives to remain competitive. This report challenges key elements of that conclusion: Kansas can break out of the benchmarking race by developing a strategy built on embracing dynamism. Such a strategy can distinguish itself by building unique capabilities that create a different mix of value to all business seeking to thrive in Kansasa mix of value that can enhance the probability of long-term economic success through enhanced opportunity. Embracing dynamism can change how Kansas plays the economic development game. The goal of embracing dynamism is simply stated: Create the conditions necessary to induce as much commercial experimentation as possible on Kansas soil. Proper execution of the embracing dynamism strategy will create an environment where all manner of peopleinside and outside the statefeel motivated to commit their time and treasure to Kansas soil. The policy challenge centers on promoting dynamism by establishing a business environment that induces business birth and expansion without bias related to the size or type of business. Every business matters. Embracing dynamism starts with a change in visionthe state government of Kansas should abandon its prevailing policy of the State as an active investor in targeted businesses or industries and instead adopt the policy vision of the State as a caretaker of a competitive platform that seeks to induce as much commercial experimentation as possible. This vision implies the state government need not commit scarce resources to the enormously difficult task of predicting the outcome of competition if it focuses on the much more manageable task of creating the platform on which the competition takes place. Measures of Success This report suggests the following measures of performance for a change in vision. Conspicuously absent from the list is job count. The economic development process is job destroying as well as job creating, with patterns that shift over time. If Kansas performs well in the measures provided, it will also perform well in terms of job count.
Income Growth State or regional income growth occurs in some combination of 1) an increase in the number of people earning income, or 2) an increase in the income earned per person. Population Density and Population Migration Measuring the change in population (or employment) density and the prevailing trend of population migration can augment the income measure, which can sometimes produce ambiguous interpretationsespecially at the sub-state level. Growing population density and net population in-migration offer clear measures of growing regional economies. Productivity Productivity growth is the ultimate goal of economic development. Productivity growth tends to happen in geographic areas characterized by population density. Tracking the patterns of productivity growth across the geography of Kansas will offer an approximate measure of successful economic development. Capital Investment The act of investment by Kansas businesses must precede sustainable increases in productivity. A measurable increase in the rate of capital investment in Kansas offers a clear signal that Kansas has established a sound strategy related to economic development. Gross Business Starts and Expansions A strategy of embracing dynamism must look beyond the inevitable failures of particular businesses. A higher gross volume of business starts and expansion will mean more people have selected Kansas as the platform of choice to take business risks, a clear signal that Kansas has established a sound strategy related to economic development. Customer Service and Throughput Measures of State Economic Development Agencies A strategy of embracing dynamism recommends that state resources be shifted away from the management of incentive programs and towards a package of hands-on business assistance services that induce business formation by lowering the cost of business birth and expansion. Maintaining current levels of customer satisfaction at double the throughput rate would signal strong progress toward a model of embracing dynamism.
Recommendations to Animate the Strategy The following set of recommendations seek to capture the spirit of an economic development model consistent with 1) a strategy of embracing dynamism, and 2) the prevailing spirit of Kansas law. The set of recommendations illustrate a prototype model that allows Kansas to remain a strong competitor against other states in the competition for economic development while shifting the policy emphasis from targeting to embracing dynamism in a manner that offers logical consistency, simplicity, transparency and equality. Recommendation #1: Replace the list of state-level economic development incentive programs and investmentrelated tax credits on page 3 with the following three policies (which assume the continuation of the property tax exemption for machinery and equipment, the elimination of the business franchise tax, and the elimination of the estate tax). 1) Implement a system of 100 percent accelerated depreciation for all capital investmentsequipment and structuresmade in Kansas. 2) Allow all new business firms (and new business establishments from expanding firms) started in Kansas to retain 100 percent of their payroll withholding tax for the first 12 months of operation upon hiring the businesss first non-owner employee(s). 3) Exempt from capital gains taxation the proceeds from the sale of Kansas-based business assets and Kansas-based business enterprises (and the equity investors in said business enterprises that must pay Kansas income taxes).
Prototype Plan Would Eliminate These Programs and Tax Credits (but grandfather current participants) Programs
Kansas Industrial Training (KIT) Kansas Industrial Retraining (KIR) Investments in Major Projects and Comprehensive Training (IMPACT) Kansas Economic Opportunity Initiative Fund (KEOIF) Kansas Enterprise Zone Sales Tax and Revenue Bonds (STAR)
Tax Credits
High Performance Incentive Program Credits (HPIP) Business and Job Development Credit Biomass-to-Energy Credit Electric Cogeneration Facility Credit Environmental Compliance Credit Alternative-Fuel Tax Credit Integrated Coal Gasification Power Plant Credit Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Credit Petroleum Refinery Credit Qualifying Pipeline Credit Storage and Blending Equipment Credit Swine Facility Improvement Credit Research and Development Credit Angel Investor Credit
This recommendation illustrates a prototype set of specific changes to current law that capture the vision related to embracing dynamism. Naturally, other combinations of specific changes could work too. Consistent with the vision, the key ingredients of any combination should: a) provide a set of transparent and predictable policies that induce business experimentation via investment and risk-taking, and b) allow access by all current or future Kansas businesses equally and automatically with minimal compliance costs for both businesses and the state. Recommendation #2: With the resources made available by eliminating the menu of current state-level economic development programs and tax credits from Recommendation #1, the Department of Commerce should focus its resources on developing the most cost-effective economic development ombudsman program in the nation. This recommendation relates primarily to established businesses in expansion mode. (Recommendation #4 deals with assistance activities related to new businesses). Department of Commerce personnel already engage in much of the activity suggested by this recommendation. Recommendation #3: Statutorily name the Secretary of Commerce to serve as the chair of the Board of Directors of the Kansas Enterprise Technology Corporation, Kansas Bioscience Authority, Network Kansas; and the chair of the Advisory Board of the Small Business Development Center. Make the Secretary of Commerce a non-voting member of the Kansas, Inc. Board of Directors. Over the past two decades, Kansas has chosen to build an economic development model that primarily relies on free-standing agencies governed by independent Boards of Directors. This model offers a sound operational foundation: it provides for strong stakeholder input and offers continuity in the context of the transient executive leadership inherent to the state government of Kansas. This model presumes that the agencies will undertake effective voluntary coordination. Evaluations by Kansas, Inc. indicate that some cooperation takes place; however, the evaluations also indicate that the agencies operate too much as independent silos. Recommendation #4: Develop a task force to better align and manage the resources, activities, and geographical accessibility of the regional components of the Kansas economic development model. The end goal, as suggested by a strategy of embracing dynamism, should be to create a nationally-recognized system of business consulting, training, networking, and incubation services to induce as much business formation and expansion as possible in the context of the many unique regional economies in Kansas. The strategy of embracing dynamism will ultimately place stress on many hands-on business services related to inducing business start-ups and expansions, such as providing world-class business consulting, training services, partnerships, collaboration, individualized counseling, expertise, technical and financial assistance.
Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy 3

It is inherent in any dynamic capitalist economy that some firms thrive and grow while others decline and sometimes fail. . . . Sorting successful business endeavors from unsuccessful ones is, in fact, a central and necessary part of our market economy, and it is essential that the public and policy makers understand this process. Kauffman Foundation report 1
Determining [the] future is a matter of perpetual small scale experiment, mostly unsuccessful, and we will all be surprised to discover which developments turn out to be future opportunities. It is almost self evident that committees of wise people from . . . industry, and consultations dominated by vested interests and their followers, will not include those who are likely to be the important players. John Kay 2
The most fundamental problem is that many public officials appear to believe that they can influence the course of their state and local economies through incentives and subsidies to a degree far beyond anything supported by even the most optimistic evidence. We need to begin by lowering expectations about their ability to micromanage economic growth and making the case for a more sensible view of the role of governmentproviding foundations for growth through sound fiscal practices, quality public infrastructure, and good education systems and then letting the economy take care of itself. Alan Peters and Peter Fisher 3
1 Steven J. Davis, John Haltiwanger, and Ron Jarmin, Turmoil and Growth: Young Businesses, Economic Churning, and Productivity Gains, Kauffman Foundation, June 2008, p. 2. 2 John Kay, 2009 Wincott Lecture, The Future of Markets, October 20, 2009. Reprinted here: http://www.johnkay.com/2009/10/20/the-future-of-markets/ 3 Alan Peters and Peter Fisher, The Failure of Economic Development Incentives, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2004, p. 35-36.
Introduction and Historical Context

The Kansas economic development model dates back decades. The state created the Kansas Industrial Development Commission in 1939. In 1963, the legislature of Kansas adopted the following statutory language (in connection to what is now known as the Department of Commerce): The legislature declares it necessary and to be the public policy of this state to promote, stimulate and encourage development of the general economic welfare and prosperity of the state through the promotion and development of industry, commerce, agriculture, labor and natural resources in this state. Such promotion and development requires that cognizance be taken of the continuing migration of people to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, and the fact that Kansas is making a needed transition to a diversified economy which creates new challenges for its people. Greater diversification and attraction of additional industry, accelerated development of natural resources, expansion of existing industry, creation of new uses for agricultural products, greater emphasis on scientific research, development of new markets for the products of the state and the attainment of a proper balance in the overall economic base are all necessary in order to create additional employment opportunities, increase personal income and promote the general welfare of the people of this state. To attain these goals, and to coordinate the activities of groups, public and private, which are engaged in these efforts, the organization, consolidation, coordination and arrangements herein provided have been established. (K.S.A 74-5002) In 1986, when the so-called Redwood-Krider report 4 offered recommendations for augmenting the states economic development model, the essence of the 1963 statement had not changed. In 2010, more than two decades after implementation of the Redwood-Krider recommendations, and several subsequent augmentations, the essence of the 1963 statement still has not changed, and the contours of the stated goals in 1963 largely capture the economic development goals of 2010. The 1970s and 1980s were economically tough years for Kansas (and the Plains states in general). In that context, the Redwood-Krider report stated a concern of the times: Unabated, a continuation of existing trends will result in an on-going and relative erosion of the states economic base. But the existing trends and the natural economic dynamism of the transforming state economy was evolving in ways that may not have been fully appreciated at the time. Northeastern Kansas, especially around the Kansas City metro area, was becoming one of the fastest growing and most prosperous regions in the nation, a trend that essentially began after the 1973 recession and accelerated after the 1982 recession. Figure 1: Shift in Kansas Regional Earnings, 1970 vs. 2007
1970
KC+ Lawrence MSAs 23% AllOther 55% Wichita MSA 22%
2007
AllOther 36%
KC+ Lawrence MSAs 40% Wichita MSA 24%
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; Center for Applied Economics, KU School of Business
4
Anthony Redwood and Charles Krider, Kansas Economic Development Study: Findings, Strategy, and Recommendations, Institute for Public Policy and Research, University of Kansas, Report No. 108, June 1986. A summary is available here: http://www.ipsr.ku.edu/resrep/pdf/m108.pdf
The states economic base did not erode. It grewwhile shifting in terms of composition and geography. Generally speaking, the shifting occurred for the reasons identified by the legislature in its 1963 statement. Kansas, like the Plains states generally, has been urbanizing since at least the 1930sa trend still underway, with a long way to go. Figure 1 on page 5, illustrates that most of the geographic shift in Kansas has been eastward toward Kansas City. 5 Figure 2 shows that the urbanization trend also helps explain the compositional shifts. Over the past three decades, the GDP from agriculture has become much less important and the GDP from services and finance has become much more important. The economic base in most other broad industry categories has remained relatively stablein value terms, not necessarily geographic terms or compositional terms. The operational details and productivity levels associated with the industry categories have modernized and increased substantially. Enhanced productivity and diversity in the basic industries has helped fuel the growth and diversity in service-related industries. Figure 2: Industry Shares of Kansas GDP, 1970-75 vs. 2000-05
25.0%
AverageShareofKSGDP,19701975
20.0%
Manufacturing Government Agriculture Finance Retailtrade Wholesaletrade Services
15.0%
10.0% Transportation 5.0% Mining 0.0% 0.0% 5.0%
Construction
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
AverageShareofKSGDP,20002005
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis
Maps 1 and 2, in combination with Figures 1 and 2, help set the stage for embracing dynamismthe theme in this report for the next phase of economic development policy in Kansas. Embracing dynamism suggests an economic development model that works with the mega-trends that continue to shape the economic platform in Kansas. Map 1 helps to further illustrate the urbanization theme. Population density facilitates productivity-driven economic growth, the true economic definition of economic development and the cause of higher family incomes. Map 1 shows that employment shares (a measure of relative density) have grown the most in the eastern half of Kansas, but the western half also has pockets of increasing density. The growing relative density has primarily happened around established urban centers. Map 2 helps to tell the Kansas story as one of relative concentration (density) not general decline. An evaluation of actual employment growth, as opposed to the growth of shares in Map 1, shows that three-quarters of Kansas counties have experienced employment growth over the past four decadesand that, among the counties with positive growth, those in the top half have a broad statewide distribution.
5 For detailed analysis on the population migration trends, see Arthur P. Hall, Scott Moody, and Wendy Warcholik, The County-to-County Migration of Taxpayers and Their Incomes, 1995-2006, Technical Report 09-0306, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business, March 2009.
Map 1: Growth in Shares of Kansas Employment, 1970-2007
Cheyenne
Rawlins
Decatur
Norton
Phillips
Smith
Jewell
Republic
Washington
Marshall
Nemaha
Brown
Doniphan
Atchison Cloud Sherman Thomas Sheridan Graham Rooks Osborne Mitchell Clay Riley Pottawatomie Jefferson Ottawa Lincoln Wallace Logan Gove Trego Ellis Russell Saline Ellsworth Rush Morris Osage Franklin Barton Rice Pawnee Hodgeman Hamilton Kearny Finney Edwards Gray Stanton Grant Haskell Stafford Reno Greenwood Butler Ford Kiowa Pratt Kingman Elk Meade Clark Barber Cowley Chautauqua Sedgwick Wilson Neosho Crawford Woodson Allen Bourbon Harvey Mcpherson Marion Chase Lyon Coffey Miami Geary Dickinson Wabaunsee Shawnee Douglas Johnson Wyandotte Jackson Leavenworth
Greeley
Wichita
Scott
Lane
Ness
Anderson
Linn
Morton
Stevens
Seward
Comanche
Harper
Sumner
Montgomery
Labette
Cherokee
Key
Negative Growth Positive Growth
Map 2: County-Level Employment Growth, 1970-2007
Cheyenne
Rawlins
Decatur
Norton
Phillips
Smith
Jewell
Republic
Washington
Marshall
Nemaha
Brown
Doniphan
Atchison Cloud Sherman Thomas Sheridan Graham Rooks Osborne Mitchell Clay Riley Pottawatomie Jefferson Ottawa Lincoln Wallace Logan Gove Trego Ellis Russell Saline Ellsworth Rush Morris Osage Franklin Barton Rice Pawnee Hodgeman Hamilton Kearny Finney Edwards Gray Stanton Grant Haskell Stafford Reno Greenwood Butler Ford Kiowa Pratt Kingman Elk Meade Clark Barber Sedgwick Wilson Neosho Crawford Woodson Allen Bourbon Harvey Mcpherson Marion Chase Lyon Coffey Miami Geary Dickinson Wabaunsee Shawnee Douglas Johnson Wyandotte Jackson Leavenworth
Greeley
Wichita
Scott
Lane
Ness
Anderson
Linn
Morton
Stevens
Seward
Comanche
Harper
Sumner
Cowley Chautauqua
Montgomery
Labette
Cherokee
Key
Positive, Bottom Half Positive, Top Half Negative Growth
Embracing dynamism suggests that economic development efforts discard the traditional industry-centric focus and replace it with a region-centric focus. Based on inter-county commuting patterns, Kansas hosts at least 25 regional economies. Each one of these regional economies has its own unique economic history that establishes the economic foundation for how it might further develop. Each region may be experiencing different stages of transition in the Great Plains mega-trend toward urbanization. The different stages matter becauseto use two common but misleading termssome parts of Kansas are growing into or through an old economy stage and some parts have entered the new economy stage. A state-level economic development model that embraces dynamism should create a set of policies that work well across the whole array of regions, regardless of their development stage. In brief, state-level policies should: 1) treat all business and investment opportunities equally, 2) facilitate business development in the unique context of the regional economy, and 3) embrace rather than impede the continuing patterns of structural change.
Embracing Dynamism: Moving from Benchmarking to Strategy

The evolution of the Kansas economic development model has not occurred in a vacuum. State economic development models have evolved since the late 1930s. Along the way, economic development has become its own (mostly taxpayer funded) industry, complete with hard-working professionals and professional associations. As in all competitive endeavors, economic development professionals (all incented by similar metrics) have aggressively benchmarked against one another. Consequently, scholars can document waves in the evolution of economic development policy and practice. 6 Table 1 on page 10, provides a checklist for site locators developed by Conway Data, the publisher of Site Selection Magazine, the official publication of the Industrial Asset Management Council. Generally speaking, most states have most economic development tools as a result of decades of benchmarking. The details of how states deploy them may differ, but competition has made the overall packages competitive from state to state. The general uniformity from a business perspective, in part, helps explain why economic research has had difficulty determining the success of economic development incentives. The overall lack of variation creates few natural experiments to aid in evaluation. It also helps explain why the benchmarking process has, in important respects, evolved essentially into bidding wars for large employers. In many ways, the process has taken on the characteristics of a zero-sum game leveraged by industry for financial advantage (and understandably so, from a business perspective). Yet true economic development is a positive-sum game, a win-win for all parties. In the mid-1990s, Michael Porter, the renowned scholar of business strategy, argued that business managers had become so focused on benchmarking against competitors in terms of operational effectiveness that they had lost sight of competitive strategy, to the detriment of their companies. In Porters words: The more benchmarking companies do, the more they look alike. . . . Competitive strategy is about being different. It means deliberately 7 choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique mix of value. In many ways, the economic development industry has arguably fallen victim to the same over-emphasis on benchmarking at the expense of strategy. That helps explain why the 2008 Kansas Legislative Post Audit report on economic development programs argued that: 8 Almost every state offers economic development incentives. And although the literature we reviewed suggests that, in general, these incentives dont have a significant impact on economic growth; it also suggests that states have to continue offering such incentives to remain competitive. Officials from Kansas economic development agencies have repeatedly stated that economic development assistance must be offered. In essence, they said, you cant afford to not play the game or the State loses out on economic development opportunities. The evidence presented in this report challenges key elements of that conclusion. Kansas can break out of the benchmarking race by developing a strategy built on embracing dynamism. Such a strategy, far from losing opportunity, can distinguish itself by building unique capabilities that create a different mix of value that can enhance the probability of long-term economic success through enhanced opportunity. Embracing dynamism can change how Kansas plays the game.
6 Andrew M. Isserman, State Economic Development Policy and Practice in the United States: A Survey Article, International Regional Science Review, Vol. 6, p.63. Also see, Keon S. Chi and Daniel J. Hofmann, State Business Incentives: Trends and Options for the Future, 2nd Edition, Council of State Governments, 2000. 7 Michael E. Porter, What is Strategy? Harvard Business Review, November-December 1996, p. 64. 8 Kansas Legislative Post Audit, Economic Development: Determining the Amounts the State Has Spent on Economic Development Programs and the Economic Impacts on Kansas Counties, August 2008, p. 31.
Table 1: State Economic Development Tools

Number of States Financial Assistance for Industry State-Sponsored Industrial Development Authority Privately Sponsored Development Credit Corporation State Authority or Agency Revenue Bond Financing State Authority or Agency General Obligation Bond Financing City and/or County Revenue Bond Financing City and/or County General Obligation Bond Financing State Loans for Building Construction State Loans for Equipment, Machinery City and/or County Loans for Building Construction City and/or County Loans for Equipment, Machinery State Loan Guarantees for Building Construction State Loan Guarantees for Equipment, Machinery City and/or County Loan Guarantees for Building Construction City and/or County Loan Guarantees for Equipment, Machinery State Financing Aid for Existing Plant Expansion State Matching Funds for City and/or County Industrial Financing Programs State Incentive for Establishing Industrial Plants in Areas of High Unemployment City and/or County Incentive for Establishing Industrial Plants in Areas of High Unemployment Tax Incentives for Industry Corporate Income Tax Exemption Personal Income Tax Exemption Excise Tax Exemption Tax Exemption or Moratorium on Land, Capital Improvements Tax Exemption or Moratorium on Equipment, Machinery Inventory Tax Exemption on Goods in Transit (Freeport) Tax Exemption on Manufacturers Inventories Sales/Use Tax Exemption on New Equipment Tax Exemption on Raw Materials Used in Manufacturing Tax Incentive for Creation of Jobs Tax Incentives for Industrial Investment Tax Credits for Use of Specified State Products Tax Stabilization Agreements for Specified Industries Tax Exemption to Encourage Research and Development Accelerated Depreciation of Industrial Equipment Source: Site Selection Magazine, Nov. 2009 42 39 45 24 47 38 41 42 45 45 30 34 18 18 44 27 43 38 Used in Kansas N N Y Y Y Y N N Y Y N Y N N Y Y Y Y
41 37 28 40 44 49 47 49 50 45 45 8 12 42 41
Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y
10
Embracing Dynamism: Economic Evidence in Support of a New Strategy

A substantial amount of economic research has taken place during the evolution of the economic development industry. Data and research techniques have steadily improved. It has allowed scholars to have a much greater appreciation of the huge volume of change and diversity that works to continuously shape the United States economyand, by extension, the many regional economies of Kansas. The data in Table 2 shows that without the birth of brand new business establishments, Kansas would have experienced negative net job growth in 22 of the 28 years represented in the data. The Kansas job market is in continual flux from four sources: business births, business deaths, business expansions, and business contractions. 9 Figure 3 on page 13 provides a visual aid for understanding the overall statewide dynamics of job change. On average, Kansas businesses create about 149,000 jobs each year and eliminate about 139,500. (A picture of business establishments instead of jobs would show a similar pattern. On average, each year in Kansas, about 7,000 businesses start; 6,750 close; 18,750 expand; and 17,950 contract. Those numbers represent businesses with employees. Kansas had about an additional 183,000 businesses currently without employees undergoing dynamic change. Many of them will become employers as the businesses mature.) Table 3 on page 14 reinforces the story told by Table 2 and reveals that the size of the firm (in terms of the number of people it employs) is much less important to job creation than the start of a new business establishment. Over the five-year period from 2000 to 2005, age-zero firms created almost all of the net new jobs. Smaller firms had a higher propensity to add net new jobs than larger firms, but the age of the firm dominates that pattern.
9 Table 2 works by starting with all firms in existence in 1977, with an emphasis on those born in that year. The table then tracks net job creation by age of firm. Left Census tracks net job creation from business establishments that already existed before 1977.
11
Table 2: Kansas Net Job Creation by Business Establishment by Age of Firm that Owns the Establishment Table 2: Kansas Net Business Establishment by Age of Firm that Owns the Establishment
(Bolded figures show positive net job creatio (Bolded figures show positive net job growth) n)
Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0 62,303 32,173 29,584 27,468 34,166 27,794 25,415 31,454 29,734 30,385 32,653 27,183 25,257 27,141 24,336 26,142 25,239 27,704 28,559 26,645 31,155 34,435 30,550 30,559 25,964 30,126 27,891 26,274 28,377
1 0 -21,808 -3,999 -3,382 -1,765 -2,778 -3,313 43 388 -3,951 -2,038 -1,503 -1,628 1,791 835 -1,275 -1,175 -689 -208 993 -1,270 943 2,442 -389 -1,404 -1,287 -3,189 -1,505 -371
2 0 0 -1,378 -4,057 -1,637 -2,837 -4,400 -1,286 -3,758 -3,021 -2,842 -300 -2,893 -1,173 -2,891 -4,193 -2,537 -1,388 -1,210 -1,487 -2,158 -1,670 -637 -169 -4,140 -229 -2,232 -3,420 -1,109
3 0 0 0 -2,263 -2,380 -2,875 -2,891 2,366 -1,075 -2,659 -2,593 -1,568 -1,890 -2,244 -1,805 -920 -1,203 -444 -959 -1,249 -1,147 -2,464 -700 -783 -703 -1,433 -321 -1,599 -1,041
4 0 0 0 0 -1,588 -2,776 -1,402 -168 -3,346 -1,677 -842 -1,255 -1,757 -1,001 -2,538 -451 -221 1 -1,003 -488 -836 -1,095 -1,309 -646 -3,588 -2,814 -432 -811 -1,306
Age of Firm in Years s 5 6-10 0 0 0 0 0 -1,445 -1,234 -100 -1,397 -355 -2,434 -812 381 -1,629 -1,399 29 -2,309 -1,609 -135 401 -1,632 -617 533 -1,153 -1,089 -750 265 -645 -390 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1,067 -2,272 -1,109 -1,573 -5,746 -1,248 -3,213 -2,624 -2,751 -5,835 -1,843 -517 -1,697 -2,381 -790 -3,223 -4,135 -1,264 -5,170 -5,369 -1,121 -461 -3,030
11-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,521 176 938 -2,906 428 -616 425 -296 174 484 -3,629 373 -2,125 -4,931 -2,426 -1,094 -1,101 -2,761
16-20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 696 1,271 604 -1,404 196 -1,708 -224 -278 -4,842 -2,039 -1,511 -1,913 1,454
21-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,201 -767 -2 -2,397 -4,037 1,932 -1,040 -1,407
26+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88 793 2,177
Left Censored -5,709 8,704 21,161 -8,002 -8,955 -25,605 -54,496 42,755 -26,398 -6,097 -44,050 4,453 32,695 9,019 -9,255 -8,160 -5,217 3,887 6,117 8,654 12,521 11,444 7,415 -3,394 -14,417 -17,239 3,226 -8,884 -3,141
Total Net Job Creation 56,594 19,069 45,368 9,764 17,841 -10,522 -43,388 72,792 -6,961 11,052 -27,892 26,471 47,128 30,218 1,626 5,765 10,814 28,641 29,772 29,858 36,523 33,617 33,541 20,356 -16,717 -7,497 23,326 5,688 17,452
Net Job Creation without Age Zero -5,709 -13,104 15,784 -17,704 -16,325 -38,316 -68,803 41,338 -36,695 -19,333 -60,545 -712 21,871 3,077 -22,710 -20,377 -14,425 937 1,213 3,213 5,368 -818 2,991 -10,203 -42,681 -37,623 -4,565 -20,586 -10,925
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Applied Economics, KU School of Business
12
Figure 3: Kansas Job Dynamics, 1977-2005

250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
Number of Jobs
50,000
-50,000
-100,000
-150,000
-200,000
-250,000
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Birth
Death
Expand
Contract
Net
One important caveat to the data reported in Tables 2 and 3 requires comment. Nothing in the data suggests that large, mature business have no importance for economic growth. Large, mature businesses tend to offer higher wages, better employee benefits, and general stability of employment opportunities. 10 They also tend to spawn entrepreneurs with important industry knowledge and established professional networks. The important economic development issue concerns business birth and expansion to redirect the employment of talented Kansans released because of inevitable business death and contraction. Generally speaking, dynamism represents persistent, annual change in about one-third of Kansas jobs. Job creation may be a key goal of economic development policy but job creation is a residual economic outcome of business dynamism. The policy challenge centers on promoting dynamism by establishing a business environment that induces business birth and expansion without bias related to the size or type of business.
10
See, for example, Kelly Edmiston, The Role of Small and Large Businesses in Economic Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Review, 2007, 2nd Quarter, pp. 73-97.
2005
13
Table Average Annual Net Job Creation by Firm Age and Size, 2000-2005 Table 3:3: Average Annual Net Job Creation by Firm Age and Size, 2000-2005
(Bolded figures show positive net job creation) (Bolded figures show positive net job creation)
1-4 Firm Age 0 1 2 3 4 5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26+ Left Censored All
6,361 401 45 148 5 143 135 207 101 105 60 390 8,100
5-9
4,546 -240 -278 -270 -159 -226 -679 -493 -326 -188 -113 -263 1,312
10-19
4,508 -464 -437 -265 -277 -300 -959 -513 -88 -248 -124 -520 315
Firm Size by Number of Jobs (not Business Establishment Size) 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1000-2499
5,260 -358 -412 -433 -426 -327 -643 -704 -558 -403 -183 -715 97 3,141 -53 -164 -104 -198 -210 -699 -460 -486 -223 13 -453 106 1,973 -393 -357 16 -86 3 -199 -151 -307 -229 167 -528 -90 1,052 -710 70 201 -162 -52 -107 -186 -170 133 -20 -328 -280 2,100 -17 275 -75 -236 413 -39 -7 -127 -323 53 -125 1,893 75 -47 -1,883 -92 115 -65 472 136 -40 -26 144 -249 -1,459
2500-4999
0 0 0 0 -5 0 -322 -13 164 -7 323 392 532
5000-9999
0 0 0 0 0 0 91 356 77 -112 -63 -994 -645
10K +
0 0 0 -42 89 0 108 -535 238 361 703 -3,916 -2,994
Total 29,015 -1,881 -3,141 -916 -1,340 -621 -2,840 -2,363 -1,522 -1,159 961 -7,308 6,887
Figure 4: Economic Growth vs. Job Dynamism, 1990-2005

48.0
46.0 FL
44.0
AK CA
TX GA UT WA VA ORNC AL OKIL MD TN NJ NM SC LA MO NY MSKY AR OH KS MA IN MN MI CT WY PA NH ID CO AZ NV
Job Reallocation Rate (Percent)
42.0
40.0
38.0
WV
DE
36.0 HI 34.0 DC
ME
MT NE WI IA RI ND SD
VT
32.0
30.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Average Annual Economic Growth Rate (Percent)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Center for Applied Economics, KU School of Business
Figure 4 reveals one final dimension to the empirical support for a strategy of embracing dynamism: High growth economies tend to have high levels of dynamism, and vice versa. Figure 4 compares each states average annual growth rate over 15 years with its average job reallocation rate among firms five years old and younger.
14 Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy
The job reallocation rate sums together the rates of job change associated with business birth, death, expansion, and contraction. The important lesson from Figure 4 is that growth and change go together. The causality runs in both directions. 11 When a door shuts a window opens. That proverb holds for economic development as well as personal development. An economic development strategy built around embracing dynamism acknowledges that business birth and expansion are the goals but that business death and contraction are vital to the dynamic process that promotes growth. Policies of business and job retention may inadvertently work in a manner contrary to the goals of economic development if the policies shelter businesses from dynamism rather than motivating (or assisting) them to cope with dynamism. The following list summarizes the consistent findings of academic research relevant for a strategy of embracing dynamism: Large-employer businesses have no measurable net economic effect on local economies when properly measured. To quote from the most comprehensive study: The primary finding is that the location of a large firm has no measurable net economic effect on local economies when the entire dynamic of location effects is taken into account. Thus, the siting of large firms that are the target of aggressive recruitment efforts fails to 12 create positive private sector gains and likely does not generate significant public revenue gains either. Expansion of existing business establishments have a strong multiplier effect on employment (in the range of two for one) while the multiplier effect of newly-sited large employers is weak or negative (much less than one for one). 13 Industry mix does not influence economic development as much as commonly believed. Targeting specific business or hot industries is an inferior strategy to volume-driven diversity caused by dynamism. 14 However, concentrations of existing industries tend to reinforce themselves. Dynamism drives productivity growth as the process of trial and error replaces inferior business models with superior ones. 15 Policies of retention work against this positive attribute of dynamism. New information provided by several recent Kauffman Foundation surveys designed to better understand entrepreneurs and the ventures they start suggest that a strategy which embraces dynamism may yield greater success. Table 4 provides a select list of survey responses from 549 successful company founders about 60 percent of them started multiple companies. 16 Table 5 provides a list of the sources of funds for the first year of operation of 4,163 start-up companies. 17 In both cases, the survey results indicate that government programs play a minor role in overall business formation. However, the results also indicate that well-crafted business coaching and incubation services (as well as enhanced opportunities for professional networking) might improve the odds of inducing people to start a business or improve the odds of success for those people that choose to start a business. Access to capital is important, but there is no reason to expect that good business plans cannot obtain the financing they require in the absence of taxpayer-funded capital programs.
See, for example, Edward L. Glaeser and William R. Kerr, Local Industrial Conditions and Entrepreneurship: How Much of the Spatial Distribution Can We Explain? Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2009, pp. 623-663. 12 William F. Fox and Matthew N. Murray, Do Economic Effects Justify the Use of Fiscal Incentives? Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 71, No. 1, 2004, p. 79. Also see, Todd M. Gabe and David S. Kraybill, The Effect of State Economic Development Incentives on Employment Growth of Establishments, Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2002, pp. 703-730; and Dafna Schwartz, Joseph Plezman, and Michael Keren, The Ineffectiveness of Location Incentive Programs: Evidence from Puerto Rico and Israel, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2008, pp. 167-179. 13 Kelly D. Edmiston, The Net Effects of Large Plant Locations and Expansions on County Employment, Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2004, pp. 289-319. 14 Stephen Malpezzi, Kiat-Ying Seah, and James D. Shilling, Is it What We Do or How We Do It? New Evidence on Agglomeration Economies and Metropolitan Growth, Real Estate Economics, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2004, pp. 265-295. Also see: Maryann P. Feldman and David B. Audretsch, Innovation in Cities: Science-Based Diversity, Specialization, and Localized Competition, European Economic Review, Vol. 43, 1999, pp. 409-429; and Mark D. Partridge and Dan S. Rickman. A Note on the Benefits to Current Residents of State Employment Growth: Is There an Industry Mix Effect on Migration? Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 39, No. 1 (1999), pp. 167-181. 15 Steven J. Davis, et al., Turmoil and Growth: Young Businesses, Economic Churning, and Productivity Gains, Kauffman Foundation, June 2008. 16 Vivek Wadhwa, et al., The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur: Family Background and Motivation, Kauffman Foundation, July 2009; and The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur: Making of a Successful Entrepreneur, Kauffman Foundation, November 2009. 17 Alicia M. Robb and David T. Robinson, The Capital Structure Decisions of New Firms, Kauffman Foundation, November 2008.
11
15
Table 4: Select Survey Responses from 549 Successful Entrepreneurs

86% said assistance by the state or region was not at all or only slightly important. 78% said lessons from failure were important; 40% said extremely important. 52% said lack of financial capital was a challenge; 11% extremely big challenge. 52% said lack of experience was a challenge; 4% extremely big challenge. 70% said personal savings was the main source of capital. 75% said they had worked as employees at other companies for more than six years before starting their companies; about 25% had worked for more than 15 years. 73% said professional networks were important to the success of their current business. 40 years of age was the average and median age of the company founders at the times of their first start-up. 95% had a bachelors degree and 47% had more advanced degrees. 67% ranked their academic performance in the top 30% of their undergraduate class; 37% ranked it in the top 10%. 70% of respondents were married and 60% had at least one child when they started their companies. Source: Kauffman Foundation, The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur, 2009
Table 5: Capital Structure Choice in Initial Year of Operation: 4,163 Start-Ups

Owner Equity Insider Equity Spouse Parents Outsider Equity Other informal investors Businesses Government Venture Capitalists Others Owner Debt Personal CC balances, respondent Personal CC balances, other owners Personal owner loan Insider Debt Personal family loan, respondent Personal family loan, other owners Business loan from family Business loan from owner Business loan from employees Other personal loan, respondent Other personal debt, respondent Outsider Debt Personal bank loan, respondent Business CC balance, respondent Personal bank loan, other owners Business CC balance, other owners Business CC balances, business Business bank loan Credit line Non-bank business loan Government business loan Other business loan Other individual loan Other business debt Average: All Firms $27,365 $1,695 $479 $1,217 $6,979 $2,736 $1,807 $401 $1,655 $380 $3,506 $3,179 $304 $23 $7,605 $2,798 $276 $1,258 $1,732 $66 $592 $883 $31,255 $11,066 $1,358 $1,430 $190 $856 $9,357 $3,237 $2,033 $721 $163 $246 $597 Average: Firms > 0 $34,509 $34,984 $28,697 $34,509 $150,733 $101,718 $162,097 $81,821 $335,868 $183,295 $11,695 $10,899 $10,008 $15,853 $51,221 $28,656 $34,689 $42,610 $118,065 $19,349 $30,046 $69,567 $85,681 $65,154 $9,710 $62,251 $11,929 $7,417 $150,704 $62,156 $123,622 $80,333 $61,586 $52,529 $122,512 Number of Firms 3,292 186 67 3,292 223 121 61 26 28 10 1,221 1,185 133 5 564 350 28 116 64 9 78 51 1,487 669 556 97 62 463 242 216 75 37 20 21 21
Total $78,406 Number 4,163 see column Source: Kauffman Foundation, The Capital Structure Decisions of New Firms, 2009
16
Rural areas have lower levels of dynamism than urban areas. Business births take place at a slower rate but so do business deaths. If a business fails in the relatively thin markets of a rural area, it may be harder for the business owner to cut his or her losses by selling the assets of the business. According to economists at Iowa State University: The implied lower salvage value of rural firms suggests that firms sorting into rural markets must have a higher probability of success in order to leave their expected profits equal to what they could earn in an urban market. 18 State and local tax burdens seem to have a strong inverse relationship to a states income growth. The channels through which taxes seem to effect income growth are: investment, employment, and population. Tax policy seems to have a more immediate (e.g., a five-year time frame) on investment and employment and a more delayed effect on population growth. 19 Since tax policy takes time to work its effects on economic growth, stability and consistency of tax policy improves the ability of businesses to make plans.
Figures 5 and 6 show that the normal business and jobs dynamics in Kansas typically dwarf the amount of activity reported by the states formal economic development programs. (As with Table 2 and Figure 3, only businesses with employees are included.) The hands-on, active-management approach that characterizes a significant portion of the economic development policy (and delivery model) in Kansas cannot hope to adequately deal with the normal volume of economic activity. The current model cannot fulfill a strategy of embracing dynamism. Despite the worthiness of the anecdotal success stories, the results reported by Kansas economic development agencies do not rise to a level above the statistical noise of the high-volume economic dynamics that takes place across the state on a regular basis. The business and jobs data reported in Figures 5 and 6 for the Kansas economic development agencies come 20 from the 2008 Kansas Legislative Post Audit, arguably the most thorough accounting of results available. The report states that: Taken together, agencies reported results would suggest that Kansas economic development programs have had a major impact on the States economy over the past five years. 21 Placed in a dynamic context, that conclusion seems less plausible than it seems in the isolated context of the reportespecially since the report adds these qualifications to the conclusion: The data likely contains substantial duplications. (The report cites the Business and Jobs Development CreditBJDC in Figure 6as one probable source of duplication.) The number of new jobs reported isnt always the net amount. Companies report some of their results on surveys or tax returns without any supporting documentation, and agencies generally dont or cant verify that information. Some agencies take credit for all accomplishments their clients report, even if the agencies provided only minimal or partial assistance.
18 Li Yu, Peter F. Orazem, and Robert Jolly, Why Do Rural Firms Live Longer? Working Paper No. 09013, Iowa State University Department of Economics, July 2009. 19 W. Robert Reed, The Robust Relationship between Taxes and U.S. State Income Growth, National Tax Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1, March 2008, pp. 57-80. 20 Kansas Legislative Post Audit, Economic Development: Determining the Amounts the State Has Spent on Economic Development Programs and the Economic Impacts on Kansas Counties, August 2008, p. 41. 21 Ibid.
17
Figure 5: Business Births and Deaths in Kansas over Recent 5-Year Period
40,000
35,502
35,000
33,723
30,000
Number of Businesses
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1,656
0
Business Births
Business Deaths
Business Births Reported as Agency Results
Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Kansas Legislative Post Audit
Figure 6: Kansas Job Dynamics and Agency Results over Recent 5-Year Period
900,000
800,000
794,563 768,352
700,000
600,000
Number of Jobs
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
132,477
100,000
98,286
Jobs Gained due to Business Birth or Expansion
Jobs Lost due to Business Death or Contraction
Jobs Reported as Created or Saved by Agencies
Agencies w/out BJDC
Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Kansas Legislative Post Audit 18 Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy
Embracing Dynamism: A Strategy to Induce Maximum Commercial Experimentation

The goal of embracing dynamism is simply stated: Create the conditions necessary to induce as much commercial experimentation as possible. As a practical matter, that means creating an environment where all manner of peopleinside and outside the statefeel motivated to commit their time and treasure to Kansas soil. The strategy seeks to strive for volume with regard to new business starts and business expansions. Every business matters. The mission statement of every state-level Kansas economic development agency is consistent with this fundamental goal. More often than not, however, the legislative directives that agencies must administer are not consistent with the fundamental goal. The operational model of economic development practice necessarily follows from the policy mandates imposed upon it. Kansans would be hard pressed to find anyone in the state who does not share the sentiment that every business matters. Yet Kansas economic development policy tends to work as if only a small sub-set of businesses matter. To a great extent, the conflict between the goals and operation of Kansas economic development policy results from a specific vision of economic development encoded into the statutes that dictate agency operations. That vision puts the state government in the role of being an active investor in specific businesses or industry sectors. The word target recurs (or is implied) frequently throughout the statutory guidance given to agencies. Targeting, a time- and labor-intensive activity, works against the goal of inducing as much commercial experimentation as possible. Embracing dynamism starts with a change in vision. Simply stated, the state government of Kansas should abandon its prevailing policy vision of the State as an active investor in businesses or industries and instead adopt the policy vision of the State as a caretaker of a competitive platforma platform that seeks to induce as much commercial experimentation as possible. By way of analogy, the platform-caretaker vision says: The State of Kansas runs tournaments; it does not field players. Creating a platform to host world-class tournaments will attract world-class players. The platform will endure but players will come and go. The platform-caretaker vision implies that the state government need not commit scarce resources to the enormously difficult task of predicting the outcome of competition if it focuses on the much more manageable task of creating the platform on which competition takes place.
Figure 7: A Profile of Two Visions for Kansas Economic Development Policy Current Vision: Targeting New Vision: Dynamism
19
Current Vision: Dedicate considerable human and financial resources to the difficult task of predicting the right technologies or businesses. Determine winners based on criteria like job count or specified wage levelscriteria often at odds with the goal of inducing profitable new business starts and expansions. Reward winners with special privileges or resources at the expense of non-winners.
New Vision: Dedicate human and financial resources to promoting maximum experimentation through volume and diversity. Establish stable policies that treat all investments and businesses equally, thereby liberating resources from the costly and economically dubious task of targeting. Focus state resources on important activities that the state can do best: supply the public goods parts of the economic development process.
Replacing the prevailing direct approach represented by the active-investor vision with the indirect approach represented by the platform-caretaker vision will alter what it means for the state government of Kansas to target its limited resources: Target in the active-investor context requires state agencies to dedicate a considerable amount of human and financial resources to the difficult task of determining the right investments. The primary thrust of current Kansas economic development policy encourages or mandates state government agencies to act as a gatekeeper by essentially screening business deals the same way an active investor might. This vision of policy limits the states potential in three basic ways. First, it does not scale; that is, it cannot handle the volume of economic activity that takes place in Kansas. Second, the active-investor approach gives rise to the perennial (and usually irresolvable) questions related to the state governments economic development return on investment. Third, official notions of return on investment usually have an explicit jobs-count component, which directly conflicts with the end goals of: a) productivity growth, and b) enabling profitable new business births or expansions. Target in the platform-caretaker approach requires the state government to establish policies that induce a maximum amount of commercial experimentation across the regions of Kansas. This experimentation takes place among tens of thousands of geographically dispersed organizations, all with unique goals and operating perspectives. No active-investor approach to policy can hope to intelligently handle the volume. However, few organizations other than the state government have an incentive to competently commit human and financial resources to certain parts of the economic development process. These parts represent the public goods components the process. In addition to infrastructure provision and law and order activities, the public good parts include: 1) site location and permitting assistance services for mature businesses, 2) incubation and coaching services for aspiring entrepreneurs that help lower the cost of business creation (services that cannot survive unaided in the thin markets that characterize much of Kansas), and 3) expanded networking and educational opportunities that create knowledge sharing and a greater awareness of business opportunity throughout the state. The competent provision of each of these three items, combined with appropriate investment policies open to all businesses, defines the platform-caretaker vision, which can substantially increase the productivity of the state governments resources by inducing greater volume and diversity with regard to commercial experimentation. Greater volume and diversity can increase the probability of successful economic development.
20
Measures
This report suggests the following measures of performance. Conspicuously absent from the list is: job count. As the data herein illustrates, the economic development process is job destroying as well as job creating, with patterns that shift over time. Job creation is a residual measure that derives from profitable business births and expansions. If Kansas performs well in the measures below, Kansas will also perform well in terms of job count. Income Growth State or regional income growth occurs in some combination of: 1) an increase in the number of people earning income or 2) an increase in the income earned per person. Technically, economic growth means a sustained increase in per-person inflation-adjusted income. However, economic development can encompass both measures. For example, in many rural parts of Kansas, an absolute growth in income would measure successful economic development even if income measured on a per person basis remained constant. Such an outcome would indicate an increasing density of economic activity, which works as a precursor to the economic conditions that drive higher per-person incomes. The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis regularly reports two measures of income: gross domestic product by state and earnings by place of work. Gross domestic product is a state-level measure (although the BEA has begun to make GDP calculations for metropolitan areas). The earnings-by-place-of-work measure offers a county-level measure useful for assessing the many regional economies of Kansas. Population Density and Population Migration Measuring economic development strictly by income has important limitationsparticularly when the measurement focuses on sub-state regions. Put in simplest terms, people often trade quality of life for income, so the growth in income or the levels of income per person may embody such trade-offs. Measuring the change in population (or employment) density and the prevailing trend of population migration offer measures that avoid the ambiguities associated with sub-state income measures. Growing population density and net population in-migration offer clear measures of growing regional economies (and vice versa). The U.S. Internal Revenue Service compiles data annually on the county-to-county migration patterns in the United States. 22 Productivity Productivity growth is the ultimate goal of economic development. Productivity growththe volume and value of output per workerdrives the growth of wages and wealth. Productivity growth results from a risky trial and error process on the front lines of individual businesses, which is why Kansas economic development strategy should focus on embracing dynamisma focus virtually indistinguishable from widespread business investment and risktaking. Productivity growth tends to happen in geographic areas characterized by density. This pattern shows up in Kansas. The dense population centers demonstrate superior productivity growth. Tracking the patterns of productivity growth across the geography of Kansas will offer an approximate measure of successful economic development across the regions of Kansas. Capital Investment The act of investment by Kansas businesses must precede sustainable increases in productivity. From a business perspective, expected rates of return drive investment decisions. Most of the economic development programs offered to businesses in Kansas work to help improve the expected rate of return on business
22 For a sample of population migration patterns in Kansas, see Arthur P. Hall, et al., The County-to-County Migration Patters of Kansas Taxpayers, 19852004, Kansas, Inc. Research Report, October 2006. Also see, Arthur P. Hall, et al., The County-to-County Migration of Taxpayers and Their Incomes, 1995-2006, Technical Report 09-0306, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business, March 2009.
21
investment. But these programs tend to be selective rather than broad-based, and therefore work against the driving force of dynamism articulated in this report. Every business matters. Establishing policies that increase the expected rate of return on investment for all businesses, without bias, works with the driving force of dynamism. A measurable increase in the rate of capital investment in Kansas offers a clear signal that Kansas has established a sound strategy related to economic development. The U.S. Census Bureau regularly undertakes a state-level survey of manufacturing investment. Otherwise, investment data on state-level investment patterns is not readily available. The state government of Kansas could fill this void with its own, broader-based survey programa program modeled after the Annual Capital Expenditures Survey conducted for the nation by the U.S. Census Bureau. Gross Business Starts and Expansions On average, each year in Kansas, about 7,000 businesses start; 6,750 close; 18,750 expand; and 17,950 contract. This tight symmetry of birth-death and expansion-contraction characterizes all parts of the U.S. economy. Failure, though unfortunate, represents a vital part of the evolutionary process related to sustainable economic development (and productivity growth). A strategy of embracing dynamism must look beyond the failures (and, thereby, the net number of new business) and focus on the gross volume of business starts and expansions. A higher gross volume of business starts and expansion will mean more people have selected Kansas as the platform of choice to risk their time and treasurea clear signal that Kansas has established a sound strategy related to economic development. Customer Service and Throughput Measures of State Economic Development Agencies As discussed in the Recommendations section, the strategy of embracing dynamism suggested by this report recommends that state resources be shifted away from the management of incentive programs and towards a package of hands-on business-assistance services that induce business formation by lowering the cost of business birth and expansion. The states economic development agencies should evaluate themselves as service business from the perspective of their clients. A substantial amount of this type of measurement occurs now. A strategy of embracing dynamism seeks to dramatically expand the volume of the client throughput while increasing customer-service measures related to program quality. (For example, the Kansas Small Business Development Center, which currently operates a network of 19 offices around the state, coaches at least 2,000 small business clients annually. Client evaluations indicate a high level of satisfaction with the services offered by the Center. Maintaining current levels of customer satisfaction at double the throughput rate would signal strong progress toward a model of embracing dynamism.)
22
Recommendations
The following set of recommendations endeavor to capture the spirit of an economic development model consistent with: 1) a strategy of embracing dynamism and 2) the prevailing spirit of Kansas law. The set of recommendations illustrates a prototype model that allows Kansas to remain a strong competitor against other states in the competition for economic development while shifting the policy emphasis from targeting to embracing dynamism in a manner that offers logical consistency, simplicity, transparency, and equality. The recommendations strive to make a clear distinction between incentives and business assistance. Incentives should become automatic and available to all businesses equally. Assistance should focus on getting new businesses up and running as quickly and cost-effectively as possible (consistent with community standards of health, safety, and environmental stewardship). Generally, business assistance breaks down into two categories: 1) Kansans seeking to start new business ventures and 2) existing businesses that have decided to 23 expand their operations within or into Kansas.
Recommendation #1: Replace the following list of state-level economic development incentive programs and investment-related tax credits with the following three policies (which assume the continuation of the property tax exemption for machinery and equipment, the elimination of the business franchise tax, and the elimination of the estate tax). This recommendation illustrates a prototype set of specific changes to current law that capture the vision related to embracing dynamism. Naturally, other combinations of specific changes could work too. Consistent with the vision, the key ingredients of any combination should: Provide a set of transparent and predictable policies that induce business experimentation via investment and risk-taking. Allow access by all current or future Kansas businesses equally and automatically with minimal compliance costs (for both businesses and state government agencies).
Implementation of this recommendation will allow every Kansas business to receive an economically sound package of incentives to help underwrite their success but it will eliminate the opportunity for select businesses to receive a huge incentive package. More specifically, as sound tax policy, implementation of this recommendation will have four benefits: First, it will honor the perspective that every business matters. Second, it will provide an attractiveyet transparent and logically consistentset of incentives for Kansas to remain competitive with other states. The more stable and predictable the state government can make the policy environment the more the state government can help induce business formation and expansion: uncertainty works against risk-taking and investment. Third, it will eliminate the need for businesses and state government to pay for needless negotiation and recordkeeping (outside of the normal process of tax compliance). Fourth, it establishes a set of policies that induces business formation and expansion while minimizing the downside risk from a state government budget (taxpayer) perspective. Prototype Plan Would Implement These Three Policies: A. Implement a system of 100 percent accelerated depreciation for all capital investmentsequipment and structuresmade in Kansas (a tax policy known as expensing). 24 This recommendation became one component of the 2007 Kansas Economic Development Strategic Plan (p. 53). HB 2751 (2008 Session) captures the practical implementation of this idea, which offers expensing as a mutually-exclusive option to the many investment-related tax credits available in current law.
23 For a set of recommendations related to technology-based economic development that complement the recommendations herein, see: Arthur P. Hall and Lee Lewellen, Technology-Based Economic Development in Kansas: Issues, Opportunities, and Strategies, Kansas, Inc. Research Report, December 2009. (http://www.kansasinc.org/pubs/working/tbedks10.27.09.pdf ) 24 For a detail explanation of this policy, see: Arthur P. Hall, Expensing: A Competitive Leap for Kansas Tax Policy, Technical Brief 07-0903, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business, September 2007. (http://www.business.ku.edu/_FileLibrary/PageFile/277/CAE-Expensing.pdf).
23
The option approach articulated in HB 2751 remains a viable alternative, if Kansans prefer it. This report recommends the replacement approach as a means to streamline and simplify Kansas law in a manner commensurate with the vision of embracing dynamism. Appendix A provides a more detailed discussion of expensing (as implemented by HB 2751). Expensing shifts the time value of money from the state government to businesses undertaking investment. That shift explains the economic development incentive built into the recommendation; it improves the expected rate of return on every investment. Every investment-related tax credit works as an incentive for the same reasonthey work to improve the expected rate of return on the investments they target. This recommendation seeks to make the incentive logically consistent and universally available rather than ad hoc. Expensing provides equal treatment for all investments across businesses of all sizes while simultaneously placing a logical limit on the state governments budgetary exposure. With expensing, the state governments return on investment will equal the businesss return on investment, so the state no longer needs to spend resources evaluating the return on investmentat least not for the current programs, listed on pages 25-27. As drafted, HB 2751 applies to tangible assets only. The structure of expensing can also capture investment in research and development and intangible assets, like intellectual property or the going-concern value (goodwill) of a business. Inclusion of such items can create some measure of complexity but they can have strong economic development benefits for the same reasons discussed above related to the time value of money. Intangible assets should receive consideration for inclusion in any well-crafted expensing policy. B. Allow all new business firms (and new business establishments from expanding firms) started in Kansas to retain 100 percent of their payroll withholding tax for the first 12 months of operation upon hiring the businesss first non-owner employee(s). This idea expands and generalizes the Promoting Employment Across Kansas program enacted by the Legislature in 2009 (SB 97). Other Kansas economic development programs also use the mechanism of allowing businesses to retain some portion of payroll withholding taxes. This procedure offers a relatively efficient administrative mechanism for allocating incentives related to employment, a mechanism consistent with making incentives automatic. A strategy of embracing dynamism places stress on business experimentation by emphasizing business birth and expansion. This recommendation will help induce risk-taking on the formation of new business establishments. It complements the investment-related expensing recommendation by helping to underwrite job creation (and labor intensive establishments) in a manner that offers an automatic procedure to help all new businesses with one of their biggest challenges: cash flow. Implementation of this idea will require welldefined compliance and administrative procedures on the part of the Kansas Department of Revenue to prevent fraud or manipulation by those that may attempt to portray on-going business concerns as new. C. Exempt from capital gains taxation the proceeds from the sale of Kansas-based business assets and Kansasbased business enterprises (and the equity investors in said business enterprises that must pay Kansas income taxes). The law should not set a minimum holding period for taxpayers to qualify for the exemption. A strategy that promotes dynamism should not create any tax-induced barriers to the sale of business assets or businesses. The state of Kansas should not discourage serial entrepreneurs (and their investors) from starting businesses and selling them (or the equity shares) to others. An income tax on capital gains is economically equivalent to a transactions tax on the allocation of venture capital and the exchange of capital investments. Accordingly, elimination of the income tax on capital gains assists a strategy of embracing dynamism: to promote entrepreneurship and innovation both within and among Kansas businesses by inducing the maximum amount of business experimentation at the least possible cost. The free-flow of capital trying to find its best possible deployment drives a vibrant, innovative economy. Successful entrepreneurs quit as quickly as possible the projects that they perceive as losers and pursue new projects that they perceive as winners. Often, because of different visions and skill-sets, one entrepreneurs perceived loser is another entrepreneurs perceived winner. A tax on capital gains, because of its economic attributes, unduly increases the cost of this vital discovery process. An income tax on capital gains is also economically equivalent to a tax on the returns to entrepreneurial risktaking. A strategy seeking to induce as much business experimentation as possible should allow entrepreneursand their investorsto (automatically) realize the maximum upside of implementing their
24 Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy
ideas. Harvard Business School professors Paul A. Gompers and Josh Lerner, leading scholars on the venture capital industry, discovered that: Capital gains tax rates have a significant effect at the industry, state, and firm levels. Decreases in the capital gains tax rates are associated with greater venture capital commitments. The effect, however, appears to occur through the demand for venture capital: rate changes affect both taxable and taxexempt investors. Similarly, R&D expenditures, especially expenditures by industrial firms, are positively related to venture investments in particular states. 25 Prototype Plan Would Eliminate These Programs and Tax Credits (but grandfather current participants): Description and Average Assistance (2002-2006)*
For companies involved in net new job creation. Average firms helped per year: 43 Average dollar allocation per year: $1.6 million
Programs
Kansas Industrial Training (KIT)
Reason(s) for Recommended Elimination

As Figure 3 makes clear, there is no way to know what businesses will be responsible for net new jobs from a Kansas perspective. The per-business average of $37,200 can be reallocated to underwrite policies that help thousands of businesses per yearautomatically, with no management expense. The expensing provision will automatically apply to key restructuring-based requirements of this program. The per-business average of $28,200 can be reallocated to underwrite the assistance inherent in Recommendations #2 and #4 of this report. The expensing provision will automatically apply to a substantial amount of the investment activity related to this programautomatically, with no management expense. New establishments will be eligible to retain 100% of first-year withholding taxes, per item B of this recommendationautomatically, with no management expense. As indicated by Figure 4 of this report, an abundance of small suppliers is a good predictor of future growth. Large firms are attracted to areas of economic dynamism. The per-business average of $1,855,555 can be reallocated to underwrite policies that help thousands of businesses per year, including the assistance inherent in Recommendations #2 and #4 of this report. All reasons stated for the previous three programs. ($106,700 per-business average)
Kansas Industrial Retraining (KIR)
Investments in Major Projects and Comprehensive Training (IMPACT)
For companies involved in restructuring or retraining their workforce. Average firms helped per year: 56 Average dollar allocation per year: $1.6 million Financial assistance to new and expanding businesses that are creating or retraining a large number of jobs paying higher than the average wages. Operates by allowing firms to retain state withholding taxes, as per item B in this recommendation. Average firms helped per year: 9 Average dollar allocation per year: $16.7 million
Kansas Economic Opportunity Initiative Fund
Kansas Enterprise Zone
Financial assistance to a business that may have substantial impact on the Kansas economy, as determined by the Department of Commerce. Average firms helped per year: 15 Average dollar allocation per year: $1.6 million Designed to encourage businesses to create new jobs. No operating details available.
The combined effect of this recommendation (items A, B, C) will make the entire state of Kansas an enterprise zone.
25
Paul A. Gompers and Josh Lerner, What Drives Venture Capital Fundraising? Brookings Papers on Economic ActivityMicroeconomics, 1998, p. 150. Emphasis added.
25
Sales Tax Revenue (STAR) Bonds (State participation)
STAR bonds establish taxpayers as a non-recourse lender in a commercial venture. Evidence indicates that Kansas can attract financing to develop worthy commercial, entertainment, and tourism areas. They are businesses like other businesses. Items A, B, and C of this recommendation will help improve the financial viability of any project (and eliminating state participation in STAR bonds will allow the state to retain sales tax revenue to help underwrite Recommendations #1 through #4 of this report): The expensing provision will automatically apply to all investments related to a development. Taxpayers share in the investment when the project is a success; they are not exposed if the project fails. All business establishments that may populate a developmentand thereby help make it economically viablewill be eligible for the expensing provision and the ability to retain firstyear withholding taxes. * Kansas, Inc.s Evaluation of the Kansas Department of Commerce, November 2007, p. 29
Sales Tax Revenue (STAR) Bonds provide Kansas municipalities the opportunity to issue bonds to finance the development of major commercial, entertainment and tourism areas and use the sales tax revenue generated by the development to pay off the bonds.
Tax Credits
High Performance Incentive Program Credits
Description and 2007 Number of Filers and Fiscal Note*

An investment tax credit of 10% for investments above $50,000 and credit for training up to $50,000. Filers: 133 Fiscal note: $37.4 million A 1% investment tax credit and a specified dollar credit for certain job counts. Filers: 567 Fiscal note: $11.3 million 10% tax credit for building or expanding a facility. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 10% tax credit for first $250 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $250 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 100% tax credit for refineries to meet environmental regulations. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 Allows for a credit for the establishment of alternative-fuel fueling stations. Filers: 68 Fiscal note: $163,703 10% tax credit for first $250 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $250 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0
Reason(s) for Recommended Elimination

Expensing achieves the same goal as the investment tax credit (the driving force of HPIP). True, expensing is less valuable for those taxpayers that qualify for HPIP by approximately three percentage points, but it is available to all businessautomatically without management expense. Expensing achieves the same goal as the investment tax credit (with greater expected taxpayer value) and the first-year retention of withholding taxes achieves the same goal as the jobs credit. Expensing automatically applies to this type of investment.
Business and Job Development Credit
Biomass-to-Energy Credit
Electric Cogeneration Facility Credit
Expensing automatically applies to this type of investment.
Environmental Compliance Credit
Alternative-Fuel Tax Credit (businesses not individuals)
Integrated Coal Gasification Power Plant Credit
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Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Credit
Petroleum Refinery Credit
Qualifying Pipeline Credit
Storage and Blending Equipment Credit
Swine Facility Improvement Credit
Research and Development Credit
Expensing automatically applies to any capital expenditures related to R&D. Labor costs are already available for expensing. As mentioned above, certain intangible assets should be evaluated for inclusion in the expensing provision. Angel Investor Credit Tax credit of 50% for equity Evidence presented in Kansas, Inc. report investments in firms pre-qualified Technology-Based Economic Development in by the Kansas Technology Kansas indicates that good business ideas in Enterprise Corporation, with a Kansas can attract capital. maximum credit of $250,000 per The Angel Credit is a good tool. But elimination of taxpayer. capital gains taxation is similar and better: All Filers: 68 investments qualify without the requirement of prequalification. It moves the investment incentive Fiscal note: $1.1 million from the front end to the back end of all venture investment (so Kansas taxpayers effectively participate in the successful ventures not the unsuccessful ones). *Legislative Post Audit, Kansas Tax Revenues, Part I: Reviewing Tax Credits, February 2010, pp. 17-20.
10% tax credit for first $250 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $250 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 10% tax credit for first $250 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $250 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: less than 5 Fiscal note: confidential 10% tax credit for first $250 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $250 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 10% tax credit for first $10 million of Investment; 5% for amounts above $10 million; must take credit in 10 annual installments. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 Tax credit for capital improvements. Filers: 0 Fiscal note: $0 6.5% tax credit for expenditures made for qualifying research and development activities. Filers: 179 Fiscal note: $2.3 million
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Recommendation #2: With the resources made available by eliminating the menu of current state-level economic development programs and tax credits from Recommendation #1, the Department of Commerce should focus its resources on developing the most cost-effective economic development ombudsman program in the nation. This recommendation relates primarily to established businesses in expansion mode. (Recommendation #4 deals with assistance activities related to new businesses.) Department of Commerce personnel already engage in much of the activity suggested by this recommendation. A strategy of embracing dynamism does not imply that Kansas should stop promoting itself to the world as a firstclass platform from which to operate a business. Nor does it suggest that the focus of economic development policy should shift from a concentration on large-employer businesses (which is the current focus, intended or not) to small businesses. Instead, the recommended shift in strategy aims to establish a better value proposition from the perspective of all businesses. This particular recommendation emphasizes a greater focus on creating valuable business service for large-employer businesses instead of a focus on negotiation and compliance related to business incentives. An ombudsman will act as a dedicated service representative to expanding businesses. The ombudsman program should excel at: Site location consulting and positive relations with the community of professional site locators. Permit acquisition and compliance, which implies a liaison role with all permitting agencies. Physical infrastructure planning. Minimizing the time and cost of starting (or opening) a new business or operation.
Recommendation #3: Statutorily name the Secretary of Commerce to serve as the chair of the Board of Directors of the Kansas Enterprise Technology Corporation, Kansas Bioscience Authority, Network Kansas; and the chair of the Advisory Board of the Small Business Development Center. Make the Secretary of Commerce a non-voting member of the Kansas, Inc. Board of Directors. Over the past two decades, Kansas has chosen to build an economic development model that primarily relies on free-standing agencies governed by independent Boards of Directors. This model offers a sound operational foundation: it provides for strong stakeholder input and offers continuity in the context of the transient executive leadership inherent to the state government of Kansas. However, the Governors Office may not have a degree of influence over the operation of the overall model commensurate with its presumed level of accountability. Figure 8 provides a snapshot of the current economic development model in Kansas. Kansas, Inc., established in 1986 in connection with the Redwood-Krider report, was created to operate as the primary coordinating agency, as indicated by the statutory appointment of the Governor to co-chair the Board of Directors. The original vision for Kansas, Inc. remains sound: it is an independent, public-private instrumentality responsible for crafting research-driven economic development policy ideas and monitoring the effectiveness of the ideas (and delivery models) that the state implements. Kansas, Inc. is the only agency in the state in which the sitting Governor is statutorily appointed to co-chair the Board of Directors. This appointment is intended to facilitate coordination across industries and agencies, and to put executive strength behind the Kansas, Inc. evaluations of other economic development agenciesincluding the Department of Commerce, which is why the recommendation acknowledges the importance of the Secretary of Commerce serving on the Kansas, Inc. Board but suggests removing the Secretarys current voting privileges. The Department of Commerce, as inferred from a reading of economic development-related statutes, holds the position in the states model as the lead agency with regard to the implementation of economic development policy. Yet the Department of Commerce appears as an oddity in the Kansas economic development model. It is the only executive agency and it has limited official means to act as the lead economic development agency with respect to the Board-directed agencies.
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The current model presumes that the agencies will undertake effective voluntarily coordination. Agency evaluations by Kansas, Inc. indicate that some cooperation takes place. However, the evaluations also indicate that the agencies operate too much as independent silos. Aside from the power of appointment to Boards, the Governor of Kansas has no formal mechanism to direct the focus and coordination of the agencies based on state strategies or shifting priorities. Naming the Secretary of Commerce as the chair of each of the Boards of the free-standing agencies offers a simple step that can: 1. Formalize the somewhat informal presumption that the Department of Commerce acts as the lead economic development agency (under the direction of the Governor). 2. Maintain the continuity of purpose offered by agencies under the direction of independent Boards. 3. Provide a management model capable of evaluating and motivating continuity and coordination of action from a statewide policy perspective. 4. Improve accountability to the citizens of Kansas through the oversight functions provided by their elected state representatives. Figure 8: Current Economic Development Model
Kansas, Inc.
Strategic Planning, Policy Development, Agency Evaluation 3 FTEs, $350,000 Budget (excludes Information Network of KS) 17 Member Governing Board o Governor = Co-Chair by Statute o Secretary of Commerce has seat on Board o Specific industries must have Board representation
Department of Commerce
Business Development, Trade Development, Rural Development, Travel & Tourism, Operations, Workforce Services 301 FTEs, $109.5 Million Budget Workforce Services is about 95% federally funded and represents about 60% of FTEs and 56% of budget. Regional and International Offices Cabinet Secretary
Kansas Technology Enterprise Corporation

Venture Funding, Research Funding, Entrepreneurship Support 13 FTEs, $12.7 Million Budget (about 18% federally funded) Affiliated Regional Business Incubators 20 Member Governing Board o Governor has a seat on Board, participation optional o Specific industries must have Board representation
Kansas Bioscience Authority

Venture Funding, Research Funding, Entrepreneurship Support 18 FTEs, Approximately $45 Million Budget 11 Member Governing Board o Governor has appointment authority only o Specific industries must have Board representation
Network Kansas
Information Clearinghouse, Entrepreneurship Support 5 FTEs, $400,000 Budget (via Commerce) 11 Member Governing Board o Secretary of Commerce has appointment authority o Specific industries must have Board representation
Small Business Development Center

Business Consulting and Management Training 37 FTEs, $1.2 Million Budget (40%) from State (via Commerce) Regional Offices 16 Member Board of Advisors
Sources: Governors Budget (2009 actual, all funding sources); Agency web sites and Annual Reports.
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Recommendation #4: Develop a task force to better align and manage the resources, activities, and geographical accessibility of the regional components of the Kansas economic development model. The end goal, as suggested by a strategy of embracing dynamism, should be to create a nationallyrecognized system of business consulting, training, networking, and incubation services to induce as much business formation and expansion as possiblein the context of the many unique regional economies in Kansas. The strategy of embracing dynamism places stress on the many hands-on business services related to inducing business start-ups and expansions. These services are captured by the: Small Business Development Center offices that provide business consulting and training services to thousands of current and aspiring small business owners. Network Kansas Entrepreneurial Communities (E-Communities) Partnerships that strive to create a more entrepreneurial environment in each community. Department of Commerce regional officesespecially in the context of Commerces Rural Development Division and Trade Development Division. According to the Department of Commerce, the Rural Development Division is designed to elevate Commerces focus on rural development and encourage seamless collaboration among existing rural development organizations. The Division comprises an array of technical and financial assistance programs and services for rural developers and agricultural producers. The Trade Development Division provides individualized counseling and expertise to Kansas companies expanding their export markets. The regional business incubators affiliated with the Kansas Technology Enterprise Corporationincluding Pipeline (a creative entrepreneurship fellowship program).
These services are inherent to the platform-caretaker approach to economic development. They should receive sound and stable funding and be available conveniently to Kansans in all regions of the stateso as to help induce as much commercial experimentation as possible. These services should excel at providing: core strategy analysis, understanding market dynamics, systems thinking, finance tools, research tools, business transitions, compliance, database searching, and geographical information systems. Map 3 shows the current geography associated with the Kansas economic development agencies. The recommendation defers to a task force to better synthesize the activity implied by Map 3 because the large number of people involved will have the best knowledge about how existing resources can be better used to improve the cost-effectiveness and overall qualityon a regional basisof the full package of services provided.
Map 3: Locations of Agency Offices

Cheyenne Rawlins Decatur Republic Brown Doniphan
Norton
Phillips
Smith
Jewell
Washington
Marshall
Nemaha
Atchison Cloud Sherman Thomas Sheridan Graham Rooks Osborne Mitchell Clay Riley Ottawa Lincoln Wallace Logan Gove Trego Ellis Russell Saline Ellsworth Rush Morris Osage Franklin Barton Rice Finney Hamilton Kearny Edwards Gray Stanton Grant Pawnee Hodgeman Stafford Reno Butler Ford Kiowa Pratt Kingman Elk Meade Clark Barber Sumner Cowley Chautauqua Sedgwick Wilson Neosho Crawford Harvey Greenwood Woodson Allen Bourbon Mcpherson Marion Chase Lyon Coffey Miami Geary Dickinson Wabaunsee Shawnee Douglas Johnson Pottawatomie Jefferson Leavenworth Wyandotte Jackson
Greeley
Wichita
Scott
Lane
Ness
Anderson
Linn
Haskell
Morton
Stevens
Seward
Comanche
Harper
Montgomery
Labette
Cherokee
Key
SBDC Office SBDC & Commerce KTEC or Affiliate
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Appendix A: Reprint of Legislative Testimony on HB 2751 (2008 Session)

Implementation of Expensing in Kansas: A Primer on the Expensing Proposal in the Kansas, Inc. Strategic Plan Prepared for Kansas, Inc. by Art Hall, Executive Director Center for Applied Economics, KU School of Business Presented to the House Committee on Taxation February 5, 2008
Overarching Goals:
Every business mattersstrive for inclusive policies and a level playing field among businesses of all types and sizes. Build on the pro-investment initiatives passed in recent legislative sessionsnamely, the exclusion of business machinery and equipment from property taxation and the phase-out of the franchise tax. These policies apply to all businesses equallyand automatically. Minimize the cost and complexity of accessing pro-investment tax policies. Kansas, Inc. proposes expensing as an automatic option in lieu of other, select investment tax credits, which typically have restrictions or require application procedures with state agencies.
What is Expensing? Expensing is a procedure related to the calculation of business income tax. Whenever a business makes a capital investment (whether equipment or structure), it is allowed to take a deduction against income tax for the depreciation of the investment. Expensing is one form of depreciation deduction. Expensing allows for an immediate deduction of the full investment amount instead of requiring a prescribed schedule of smaller deductions over multiple years. Expensing is a pro-investment tax policy that does not subsidize businesses. Expensing improves the expected rate of return on almost any investment relative to other types of depreciation procedures, because it allows the taxpayer to capture the time value of money embedded in the investment. Importantly, from a tax policy perspective, expensing generates a higher expected investment return by removing a tax bias built into the current depreciation rules rather than granting the business taxpayer a special privilege. Expensing, properly implemented, is a tax policy that treats all businesses equally. By allowing business taxpayers to capture the time value of money related to an investment, expensing results in uniform income tax treatment for investments of all types and sizes, given the tax rate faced by the business taxpayer.
What is the Kansas, Inc. Proposal? Kansas, Inc. suggests that Kansas, as of date certain, offer business taxpayers the automatic option of choosing to expense capital investments made within the state. This policy change will make Kansas unique among the states (with income taxes). Kansas, Inc. suggests that the expensing proposal offer business taxpayers a mutually-exclusive option between expensing and other investment-related tax credits available under Kansas law. The table below lists those tax credits that a Kansas taxpayer could not take on a particular investment if they choose the expensing option for that investment.
Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy 31
Taxpayer Option: Automatically Expense an Investment or Take the Allowable Tax Credit(s)
Type of Credit 2004 Process Year Returns Dollars Alternative-Fuel Tax Credit (K-62)* 15 12,000 Business and Job Development Credit (K-34) 1,193 8,485,000 Cellulosic Alcohol Plant Credit (K-79) n/a n/a Disabled Access Credit (K-37)** 9 2,000 Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant Credit (K-78) n/a n/a High Performance Incentive Program Credits (K-59) 276 16,993,000 Integrated Coal Gasification Power Plant Credit (K-80) n/a n/a Petroleum Refinery Credit (K-73) n/a n/a Qualifying Pipeline Credit (K-77) n/a n/a Research and Development Credit (K-53)*** 154 554,000 Swine Facility Improvement Credit (K-38) 0 0 Environmental Compliance Credit (K-81) New in 2007 Electric Cogeneration Facility Credit (K-83) New in 2008 Storage and Blending Equipment Credit (K-82) New in 2008 Total 1,647 26,046,000 2006 Process Year Returns Dollars 68 54,793 2,114 14,046,665 n/a n/a 6 1,321 n/a n/a 1,265 24,098,727 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 223 833,891
0 0
3,676
39,035,397
* Any business investment in a vehicle or fueling station would naturally fall under the procedures for expensing. ** Business property modifications would naturally fall under the procedures for expensing; household modifications would not. The dollar figure represents corporate returns only. *** Expensing would apply to the machinery and equipment component of this credit only. Source: Kansas Department of Revenue
Many Businesses in Growth Mode Apparently Do Not Seek Credits Estimated Number of Kansas Businesses Starting Up or Expanding, 1994-2004
Year Birth Expand Total 1994 13,644 2,831 16,475 1995 8,603 5,051 13,654 1996 13,229 5,576 18,805 1997 8,894 6,230 15,124 1998 10,835 6,699 17,534 1999 8,843 7,370 16,213 2000 11,860 4,669 16,529 2001 18,028 5,779 23,807 2002 14,984 4,980 19,964 2003 8,780 5,213 13,993 2004 Average 9,502 6,067 15,569 11,564 5,497 17,061
Other Important Features of the Kansas, Inc Proposal Definition of eligibility: The cost of any tangible asset, including fabrication and installation, that is, or under the federal internal revenue code will become, eligible for depreciation, amortization, or accelerated cost recovery for federal income tax purposes. Unlimited carry forward of unused balances. Taxpayers may elect the expensing deduction on an asset-by-asset basis. For multi-state taxpayers, the expensing deduction is directly allocable to Kansas income and not subject to apportionment. Recapture rules for taxpayers that buy eligible property and move it out of Kansas. Rules for calculating the gain or loss of an asset that has been expensed and subsequently sold. Expensing, because it is a deduction, automatically applies to a consolidated group under current Kansas law.

32
How Does Expensing Compare with Investment Tax Credits?
Expensing is an above the line deduction from taxable income. The economic value of an income tax deduction equals the deduction amount times the tax rate. An investment tax credit is a below the line subtraction from income tax liability. The economic value of an income tax credit equals the investment amount times the tax credit percentage. All else equal, if a taxpayer faces an income tax rate of 10%, the expensing option and a 10% investment tax credit will have the same economic value.
Comparison of Expensing and Tax Credits

Hypothetical Business Operating Solely within Kansas
Assume a $100,000 Investment in 7-Year Property Examples: Furniture and fixtures for a call center Agricultural machinery A new natural gas gathering pipeline Manufacturing equipment for many industries
Year 1 Income Tax Calculation Full Kansas, Inc. HPIP Expensing Expensing Tax Credit
Gross Receipts Less: Cost of Goods Sold Less: Federal Depreciation (on above investment) Equals: Net Profit (Federal Taxable Income) Plus: Kansas Additions to Federal Taxable Income Less: Kansas Deductions from Federal Taxable Income Equals: Apportionable Business Income to Kansas Less: Kansas Expensing Deduction Equals: Kansas Taxable Income Kansas Income Tax (at 4% + 3.35% Surtax over $50,000) Less: HPIP Tax Credit (10%) Equals: Kansas Tax Liability
500,000 310,000 14,290 175,710 0 0 175,710 100,000 75,710 3,928 0 3,928
500,000 310,000 14,290 175,710 0 0 175,710 22,300 * 153,410 9,756 0 9,756
500,000 310,000 14,290 175,710 0 0 175,710 0 175,710 11,428 5,000 6,428
* The adjustment factor is explained below: "What is the Kansas, Inc. Solution for Implementing Expensing?"
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Expected Rate of Return on Identical Hypothetical Investments (7-Year Property, Full Value of Incentive Captured in Year 1) $1 Million Investment No Credit or Expensing Full Expensing (7.35% Tax Rate) Kansas Inc. Expensing (7.35% Tax Rate) HPIP Investment Credit Business& Jobs Credit (Rural, 5 Jobs) 9.20% 11.28% 9.78% 11.92% 9.20% (9.82%) $100,000 Investment 9.20% 11.28% 9.78% 10.60% 9.20% (13.14%) $50,000 Investment 9.20% 11.28% 9.78% 9.20% 9.20% (17.27%)
Formulas for Calculating Taxpayer Value Full Expensing Kansas, Inc. Expensing HPIP Investment Tax Credit Business & Jobs Credit Investment Amount x Tax Rate Investment Amount x Kansas Adjustment Factor x Tax Rate (Qualifying Investment Expenditure - $50,000) x 10% (Qualifying Investment Expenditure x 1%) + (Number of qualifying employees x credit per employee)
What is the Kansas, Inc. Solution for Implementing Expensing? Kansas, like many states, piggybacks on the procedures in the federal income tax code. This fact makes the implementation of expensing in Kansas slightly more complicated than it would be at the federal level. In brief, it would require a Kansas business tax preparer to spend about 5-10 minutes to perform one additional calculation. The purpose of the additional calculation is to keep undisturbed the Kansas procedure of using federal taxable income as the starting point for Kansas corporate income tax calculations (and federal adjusted gross income as the starting point for proprietorships, partnerships, and S-Corporations). These starting-point measures of income already have federal depreciation built in. The Kansas, Inc. expensing proposal does not seek to double-count the federal deductions; it seeks to allow Kansas business electing the expensing option to capture the additional time value of money generated by expensing. An Example Federal depreciation procedures rely on a set of prescribed rules. When a business taxpayer makes a capital investment, the tax preparer must make a decision about (1) how to classify the property for depreciation purposes and (2) what depreciation method to use. Once the tax preparer makes those decisions, all of the details about the depreciation schedule become known. Kansas, Inc.s suggested implementation plan for expensing in Kansas relies on the decision that the tax preparer makes for federal depreciation purposes.
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Acme Call Centers has a state-of-the-art facility in Hays, Kansas. Acme purchases $100,000 worth of new furniture to expand its call center. The CFO of Acme knows that furniture is classified as a 7-year form of property for federal depreciation purposes. She decides to use the 200% Declining Balance depreciation method (employing the half-year convention). Acme Call Centers Federal Depreciation Deduction Schedule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14,290 24,490 17,490 12,490 8,930 8,920 8,930
Year Amount ($)
8 4,460
Kansas expensing amount if there were no federal depreciation rules: $100,000 Kansas expensing amount under Kansas, Inc. proposal: $100,000 x 0.223 = $22,300.
The Kansas, Inc. proposal would provide Acme an additional $22,300 income tax deductionin Year 1 only. That amount captures the time value of money difference between the federal depreciation schedule and the full expensing amount of $100,000. Where did the 0.223 number come from? It was (hypothetically) published by the Kansas Department of Revenue. It was calculated by taking the difference between the investment amount ($100,000, in this case) and the discounted present value of the federal depreciation schedule (years 2-8) using an interest rate of eight percent (8%). Mathematically, the adjustment factor of 0.223 remains invariant for any investment in 7-year property that a taxpayer depreciates using the 200% Declining Balance method under the half-year convention. The same procedure used in the Acme Call Centers example would apply for any investment made in Kansas. Different adjustment factors would apply to the several different combinations of property classifications and depreciation methods available to taxpayers under the federal tax rules. What is the Fiscal Note for the Kansas, Inc. Expensing Proposal? The table below illustrates a likely range of revenue (tax liability) reductions that would result from implementing the expensing system suggested by Kansas, Inc.assuming that every business opted to expense its investments. The calculations assume that a fully mature expensing system applied to the actual Kansas income tax data recorded for the years 2005 and 2004. The estimates do not include the revenue offsets that would result from replacing the tax credits specified above with the expensing optionabout $39 million in 2006. Estimated Fiscal Note for Kansas, Inc. Expensing Proposal (Assumes a Fully Mature System Applied to Tax Years 2005 and 2004) Dollars in Millions KS Business Income Tax Collections Fiscal Note Estimates* Low Range Medium Range (Likely) High Range 2005 $474.4 2004 $315.1
44.1 55.1 69.1
34.5 43.2 54.4
* Includes machinery and equipment investments only. If structures are also included, which Kansas, Inc. suggests, add to an estimate: $35 million for 2005 or $23.3 million for 2004. Source: Center for Applied Economics, KU School of Business using data from the Kansas Department of Revenue, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (The Kansas Department of Revenue reported income and privilege tax collections for corporations and financial institutions. The Center for Applied Economics estimated the income taxes paid by proprietorships, partnerships, and S-Corporations.) Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy 35
Methodological Points Related to the Fiscal Note Calculations The calculations for machinery and equipment use data compiled for the U.S. by the U.S. Census Bureaus Annual Capital Expenditure Survey. This data is reported for many different industry sectors. Census categorizes capital expenditures as either Equipment or Structures. The U.S. Capital Expenditure Survey equipment data is allocated to Kansas, by industry sector, based on the Kansas share of U.S. gross domestic product in each industry sector. In effect, this procedure assumes that Kansas businesses invest at the U.S. average rate, based on value-added. (Note: Based on the data for structures reported by the Kansas Department of Revenue for property tax purposes, as discussed below, this is a conservative assumption, because Kansas invests substantially below what the average rate would suggest.) For structures, the fiscal note calculations rely on property tax data collected and reported by the Kansas Department of Revenue; specifically, the appraised value of new commercial and industrial real property placed in service in 2005 and 2004. The U.S. Capital Expenditure Survey data for structures was used to gross-up the new-property amount to account for business investment in used structures. Capital expenditure amounts are allocated to businesses based on reported income. Guided by IRS data, 515 percent of capital expenditure amounts are allocated to businesses with no taxable income, depending on industry sector. The fiscal note estimates explicitly ignore the limited expensing rules allowed by Section 179 of the federal tax code. Incorporating this element into the calculations would reduce the Kansas fiscal note associated with expensing. Public data is too imprecise to warrant including Section 179 elections in the analysis. Federal tax rules allow for several choices of depreciation method for equipment-like property. Further, equipment-like property is classified into several categories: 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, 15-, and 20-years. There is less flexibility regarding structures. For the equipment calculation, the fiscal note used the 200% Declining Balance method. Under each scenario, utility property was assumed to be 15-year property for depreciation purposes. Otherwise, Low Range assumed 5-year property, Medium Range assumed 7-year property, and High Range assumed 10year property. For structures, the fiscal note assumed the straight-line depreciation method. Structures related to commercial residential real estate used a 27.5-year life. All other structures assumed a 39-year life. A discount rate of eight percent (8%) applied to all adjustment calculations. In each case, year-1 depreciation deductions were not discounted to keep them time-consistent with the full-expensing option.
36
Appendix B: About the Center for Applied Economics

About the Center for Applied Economics The mission of the Center for Applied Economics at the University of Kansas School of Business is to help advance the economic development of the state and region by offering economic analysis and economic education relevant for policy makers, community leaders, and other interested citizens. When elected officials, community leaders, and citizens discuss issues that may have an impact on the economic development potential of the state or region, they can benefit from a wide array of perspectives. The Center focuses on the contributions that markets and economic institutions can make to economic development. Because credibility is, in part, a function of economic literacy, the Center also promotes economics education. Arthur P. Hall Executive Director Center for Applied Economics Art Hall is the founding Executive Director of the Center for Applied Economics at the University of Kansas School of Business. Before joining the KU School of Business, Hall was Chief Economist in the Public Affairs group of Wichita, KS-based Koch Industries, Inc. In that capacity, he worked with business leaders to help define how public policy initiatives would influence the structure of the markets in which the company participates. Koch sponsored Halls directorship of Kansas Governor Sebelius Budget Efficiency Savings Teams from April 2003 until his departure from the firm in February 2004. Before joining Koch Industries in May 1997, Hall was Senior Economist at the Washington, D.C.-based Tax Foundation, where he produced quantitative and qualitative research pertaining to the economics of taxation, and acted as an economic advisor to The National Commission on Economic Growth and Tax Reform. Before that, he worked as a financial economist at the U.S. General Accounting Office. Hall has taught university economics at both the undergraduate and MBA level. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Georgia and his B.A. in economics from Emory University. Selected Publication List Academic Journals
The Challenge of Incentive Alignment in the Application of Information Markets Within an Organization, The Journal of Prediction Markets, Vol. 3, N0. 1, April 2009, pp. 13-16
Trade Journal Publications

"Investment Climate in the Republic of Kazakstan," Tax Notes International, July 1, 1996, pp. 53-57. (with Daniel A. Witt) "Compliance Costs of Alternative Tax Systems," Tax Notes, May 20, 1996, pp. 1081-1089. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Brief (House Ways and Means Committee Testimony), Washington, D.C., March 1996.) "Issues in the Indexation of Capital Gains," Tax Notes, May 1, 1995, pp. 675-678. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Report No. 47, Washington, D.C., April 1995.) "Fifty Years of the Federal Capital Gains Tax Burden," Tax Notes, April 24, 1995, pp. 553-562. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Report No. 45, Washington, D.C., March 1995.) "Growth of Federal Government Tax 'Industry' Parallels Growth of Federal Tax Code," Tax Notes, November 28, 1994, pp. 1133-1138. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Report No. 39, Washington, D.C., September 1994.) "The Cost of Unstable Tax Laws," Tax Notes, November 7, 1994, pp. 759-768. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Report No. 41, Washington, D.C., October 1994.) "The High Cost of Tax Compliance for U.S. Business," Tax Notes, May 16, 1994, pp. 887-893. (Reprint of Tax Foundation Special Report No. 25, November 1993.)
37
Research Reports
A Comprehensive Retail Sales Tax as a Single Tax for the State of Kansas, Technical Brief 09-1218, December 2009, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business. Technology-Based Economic Development in Kansas: Issues, Opportunities, and Strategies, Kansas, Inc. Research Report, October 2009 (with Lee Lewellen). The County-to-County Migration of Taxpayers and their Incomes, Technical Report 09-0360, March 2009, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business (with Scott Moody and Wendy Warcholik). Expensing: A Competitive Leap for Kansas Tax Policy, Technical Brief 07-0903, Center for Applied Economics, University of Kansas School of Business, September 2007. Economic Growth and Productivity in the Regions of Kansas, 1969-2003, Kansas Policy Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, Spring 2006, pp. 12-20. Property Tax Comparisons Among Kansas Localities and Select Cities of the United States, Kansas, Inc., May 2006. Competing Concepts of Income and the Double Taxation of Saving, Center for Applied Economics, School of Business, University of Kansas, Technical Report 05-0926, September 2005. A Brief Economic History of Kansas, 1969-2003, Kansas, Inc. Research Report, August 2005 (with Peter F. Orazem). Business Climate Indexes: Which Work, Which Don't, and What Can They Say About the Kansas Economy? Kansas, Inc. Research Report, June 2005 (with George Bittlingmayer, Liesel Eathington, and Peter F. Orazem). Exaggerated Tales of Rural Economic Decline, Center for Applied Economics, School of Business, University of Kansas, Technical Report 05-0225, September 2005 (with Georganne M. Artz and Peter F. Orazem). The Kansas Productivity Puzzle, Center for Applied Economics, School of Business, University of Kansas, Technical Report 04-1118, September 2005 (with Peter F. Orazem). "A Half Century of Small Business Federal Income Tax Rates and Collections," Tax Foundation Special Report No. 61, October 1996. (with Gary Leff). "Tax Reform and the Foundations of Federal Taxation," Madison Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Spring 1996), pp. 4-12. "Growth of the Earned Income Tax Credit," Tax Foundation Special Report No. 53, Washington, D.C., September 1995 (with Jeffrey Scott Moody). "How Will Alternative Tax Reform Plans Affect the Jones Family?" Tax Foundation Special Report No. 49, Washington, D.C., May 1995. "The Compliance Costs and Regulatory Burden Imposed by the Federal Tax Laws (House Ways and Means Committee Testimony)," Tax Foundation Special Brief, Washington, D.C., January 1995. "Individual Effective Tax Rates in the United States," Tax Foundation Special Report No. 35, Washington, D.C., June 1994. "Uncompensated Reserve Requirements: The Hidden Tax on Our Banks," Tax Foundation Background Paper No. 6, Washington, D.C., November 1993.
38
University of Kansas School of Business

Summerfield Hall, 1300 Sunnyside Avenue Lawrence, KS 66045-7585 www.cae.business.ku.edu (785) 864-5134
632 SW Van Buren, Suite 100 Topeka, KS 66603 (785) 296-1460 (785) 296-1463 (fax) www.kansasinc.org ksinc@ink.org

Embracing Dynamism - The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

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Research Report

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

List of Figures, Tables and Maps

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Kansas, Inc. Board of Directors

Kansas, Inc. Staff

Debby Fitzhugh Director of Operations

Dan Korber Sr. Research Analyst

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Introduction and Historical Context

KC+ Lawrence MSAs 40% Wichita MSA 24%

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Manufacturing Government Agriculture Finance Retailtrade Wholesaletrade Services

10.0% Transportation 5.0% Mining 0.0% 0.0% 5.0%

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Map 1: Growth in Shares of Kansas Employment, 1970-2007

Map 2: County-Level Employment Growth, 1970-2007

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: Moving from Benchmarking to Strategy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Table 1: State Economic Development Tools

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: Economic Evidence in Support of a New Strategy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

21-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,201 -767 -2 -2,397 -4,037 1,932 -1,040 -1,407

26+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88 793 2,177

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Figure 3: Kansas Job Dynamics, 1977-2005

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Figure 4: Economic Growth vs. Job Dynamism, 1990-2005

TX GA UT WA VA ORNC AL OKIL MD TN NJ NM SC LA MO NY MSKY AR OH KS MA IN MN MI CT WY PA NH ID CO AZ NV

Job Reallocation Rate (Percent)

30.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Average Annual Economic Growth Rate (Percent)

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Table 4: Select Survey Responses from 549 Successful Entrepreneurs

Table 5: Capital Structure Choice in Initial Year of Operation: 4,163 Start-Ups

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Business Births Reported as Agency Results

Source: U.S. Census Bureau; Kansas Legislative Post Audit

Jobs Gained due to Business Birth or Expansion

Jobs Lost due to Business Death or Contraction

Jobs Reported as Created or Saved by Agencies

Agencies w/out BJDC

Embracing Dynamism: A Strategy to Induce Maximum Commercial Experimentation

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Reason(s) for Recommended Elimination

Kansas Industrial Retraining (KIR)

Investments in Major Projects and Comprehensive Training (IMPACT)

Kansas Economic Opportunity Initiative Fund

Kansas Enterprise Zone

Embracing Dynamism: The Next Phase in Kansas Economic Development Policy

Sales Tax Revenue (STAR) Bonds (State participation)